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Universal Design of Physical Spaces

This section of The Center for Universal Design in Education focuses on how we can apply universal design (UD) to create spaces that are accessible, usable, and inclusive.

Modifying the basic definition of universal design (UD) of the Center for Universal Design only slightly, the UD of physical spaces can be defined as “the design of physical spaces to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.” The seven principles of UD are as follows:

  • Equitable use. The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
  • Flexibility in use. The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.
  • Simple and intuitive. Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.
  • Perceptible information. The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.
  • Tolerance for error. The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
  • Low physical effort. The design can be used efficiently, comfortably, and with a minimum of fatigue.
  • Size and space for approach and use. Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of the user's body size, posture, or mobility.

For the process of applying UD to physical spaces and other introductory material, read Equal Access: Universal Design of Physical Spaces.

A newspaper clipping showing a man in a wheelchair with "Ramp the Curbs"on the back of his chair

See concrete examples of practices that apply each principle of UD by touring Berkeley, California's universally designed Ed Roberts Campus by watching the short video The 7 Principles of Universal Design.

The application of UD is not new with respect to the physical environment. Back in the 1970s, advocates pushed for curb cuts in sidewalks to make them accessible to wheelchair users. In an article that appeared in the UW Daily in 1970, a young man wore a sign on the back of his wheelchair, "Ramp the curbs. Get me off the street." Now curb cuts are ubiquitous and we recognize that curb cuts benefit many people—parents pushing baby strollers, delivery staff pushing carts, skate boarders (not necessarily a good thing).

As with other applications of UD, physical spaces that are universally designed exhibit three characteristics. They are accessible, usable, and inclusive.

The image below presents two examples of entrances: Example One features two steps for the entrance directly to the door or the alternative, a ramp to the side of them. This arrangement complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act, providing an arrangement that is both accessible and usable. Example Two features an entrance that is universally designed. It is accessible and usable for everyone but exhibits the third characteristic of UD—it is inclusive because all individuals can enter the same way, using the wide, gently sloping ramp. When I walk into this space with a companion using a wheelchair, we can enter side by side.

Two entrances examples: One that has stairs with a side ramp, and another that has one sloped entrance.


As far as interior spaces, the following two images show different angles of a service counter in the DO-IT Center at the University of Washington. Its multiple-height design is accessible and usable by staff and visitors of different heights and engaging from a standing or seated position.

Two views of an accessibly designed reception desk.


The DO-IT Center also offers many printed resources that visitors can browse and take for free. These resources are positioned on a wall where they can be reached from a seated or standing position.

A student in a wheelchair looks at brochures in a display.


As an example of a classroom application of UD, the image below shows rows of desks in an auditorium where the chairs spin around, making it easier to conduct one-to-one and small group discussions in class. There is also spaces provided on multiple levels for people in wheelchairs to participate. It illustrates the importance of developing physical spaces that are flexible in their use.

Chairs that swivel to face each other or the front in a classroom.


There are a variety of other educational settings, including labs and makerspaces. Review the publications below to find more options for universally designing physical spaces.

DO-IT Publications

The following DO-IT publications provide examples of how to create inclusive physical spaces in educational settings.

Articles and Book Chapters